2020年的考研初试已落下帷幕，各个科目的考研真题以及答案解析也已新鲜出炉，不管考得如何，只要你认真待之，就无后悔可言，因为它已成为你人生中不可或缺的宝贵经历之一，不时回忆起，也会为那个为了梦想坚持、努力的自己骄傲。下面，东吴苏大考研网（www.sudayz.com）就为各位考生整理发布2020年各个科目的真题
2020年考研英语（一）真题
Section I Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each
numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C], or [D] on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
Even if families don’t sit down to eat together as
frequently as before, millions of Britons will nonetheless have got a share
this weekend of one of that nation’s great traditions: the Sunday roast. 1 a
cold winter’s day, few culinary pleasures can 2 it. Yet as we report now. The
food police are determined our health. That this 3 should be rendered yet
another quality pleasure 4 to damage our health.
The Food Standards Authority (FSA) has 5 a public worming
about the risks of a compound called acrylamide that forms in some foods cooked
6 high temperatures. This means that people should 7 crisping their roast
potatoes, reject thin—crust pizzas and only 8 toast their bread. But where is
the evidence to support such alarmist advice? 9 studies have shown that
acrylamide can cause neurological damage in mice, there is no 10 evidence that
it causes cancer in humans.
Scientists say the compound is 11 to cause cancer but
have no hard scientific proof 12 the precautionary principle it could be argued
that it is 13 to follow the FSA advice. 14, it was rumoured that smoking caused
cancer for years before the evidence was found to prove a 15.
Doubtless a piece of boiled beef can always be 16 up on
Sunday alongside some steamed vegetables, without the Yorkshire pudding and no
wine. But would life be worth living? 17, the FSA says it is not telling people
to cut out roast foods 18, but reduce their lifetime intake. However its 19
risks coming a cross as being pushy and overprotective. Constant health scares
just 20 with one listening.
1. [A] In[B] Towards[C] On[D] Till
2. [A] match[B] express[C] satisfy[D] influence
3. [A] patience[B] enjoyment[C] surprise[D] concern
4 .[A] intensified[B] privileged[C] compelled[D]
guaranteed
5. [A] issued[B] received[C] compelled[D] guaranteed
6. [A] under[B] at[C] for[D] by
7. [A] forget[B] regret[C] finish[D] avoid
8. [A] partially[B] regularly[C] easily[D] initially
9. [A] Unless[B] Since[C] If[D] While
10. [A] secondary[B] external[C] conclusive[D] negative
11. [A] insufficient[B] bound[C] likely[D] slow
12. [A] On the basis of[B] At the cost of[C] In addition
to[D] In contrast to
13. [A] interesting[B] advisable[C] urgent[D] fortunate
14. [A] As usual[B] In particular[C] By definition[D]
After all
15. [A] resemblance[B] combination[C] connection[D]
pattern
16. [A] made[B] served[C] saved[D] used
17. [A] To be fair[B] For instance[C] To be brief[D] In
general
18. [A] reluctantly[B] entirely[C] gradually[D] carefully
19. [A] promise[B] experience[C] campaign[D] competition
20. [A] follow up[B] pick up[C] open up[D] end up .
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below
each text by choosing [A], [B], [C], or [D]. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.
(40 points)
Text 1
A group of labour MPs, among them Yvette Cooper, are
bringing in the new year with a call to institute a UK “town of culture” award.
The proposal is that it should sit alongside the existing city of culture
title, which was held by Hull in 2017 and has been awarded to Coventry for
zoz1. Cooper and her colleagues argue that the success of the crown for Hull,
where it brought in ￡220m of investment and an avalanche of arts, out not to be
confined to cities. Britain’ town, it is true are not prevented from applying,
but they generally lack the resources to put together a bit to beat their
bigger competitions. A town of culture award could, it is argued, become an
annual event, attracting funding and creating jobs.
Some might see the proposal as a boo by prize for the
fact that Britain is no longer be able to apply for the much more prestigious
title of European capital of culture, a sough-after award bagged by Glasgow in
1990 and Liverpool in 2008. A cynic might speculate that the UK is on the
verge of disappearing into an endless fever of
self-celebration in its desperation to reinvent itself for the post-Brexit
world: after town of culture, who knows that will follow— village of culture?
Suburb of culture? Hamlet of culture?
It is also wise lo recall that such titles are not a
cure-all. A badly run “year of culture” washes in and out of a place like the
tide, bringing prominence for a spell but leaving no lasting benefits to the
community. The really successful holders of such titles are those that do a
great deal more than fill hotel bedrooms and bring in high-profile arts events
and good press for a year. They transform the aspirations of the people who
live there; they nudge the self-image of the city into a bolder and more optimistic
light. It is hard to get right, and requires a remarkable degree of vision, as
well as cooperation between city authorities, the private sector, community.
groups and cultural organisations. But it can be done: Glasgow’s year as
European capital of culture can certainly be seen as one of complex series of
factors that have turned the city into the power of art, music and theatre that
it remains today.
A “town of culture” could be not just about the arts but
about honouring a town’s peculiarities
—helping sustain its high street, supporting local
facilities and above all celebrating its people and turn it into action.
21. Cooper and her colleagues argue that a “town of
culture” award could
[A] consolidate the town-city ties in Britain.
[B] promote cooperation among Britain’s towns.
[C] increase the economic strength of Britain’s towns.
[D] focus Britain’s limited resources on cultural events.
22. According to Paragraph 2, the proposal might be
regarded by some as
[A] a sensible compromise.
[B] a self-deceiving attempt.
[C] an eye-catching bonus.
[D] an inaccessible target.
23. The author suggests that a title holder is successful
only if it
[A] endeavours to maintain its image.
[B] meets the aspirations of its people.
[C] brings its local arts to prominence.
[D] commits to its long-term growth.
24. Glasgow is mentioned in Paragraph 3 to present
[A] a contrasting case. (B] a supporting example.
[C] a background story.
[D] a related topic.
25. What is the author’s attitude towards the proposal?
[A] Skeptical.
[B] Objective.
[C] Favourable.
[D] Critical.
Text
2
Scientific publishing has long been a licence to print
money. Scientists need journals in which to publish their research, so they
will supply the articles without monetary reward. Other scientists perform the
specialised work of peer review also for free, because it is a central element
in the acquisition of status and the production of scientific knowledge.
With the content of papers secured for free, the
publisher needs only find a market for its journal. Until this century,
university libraries were not very price sensitive. Scientific publishers
routinely report profit margins approaching 40% on their operations, at a time
when the rest of the publishing industry is in an existential crisis.
The Dutch giant Elsevier, which claims to publish 25% of
the scientific papers produced in the world, made profits of more than ￡900m
last year, while UK universities alone spent more than ￡210m in 2016 to enable
researchers to access their own publicly funded research; both figures seem to
rise unstoppably despite increasingly desperate efforts to change them.
The most drastic, and thoroughly illegal, reaction has
been the emergence of Sci-Hub, a kind of global photocopier for scientific
papers, set up in 2012, which now claims to offer access to every paywalled
article published since 2015. The success of Sci-Hub, which relies on
researchers passing on copies they have themselves legally accessed, shows the
legal ecosystem has lost legitimacy among is users and must be transformed so
that it works for all participants.
In Britain the move towards open access publishing has
been driven by funding bodies. In some ways it has been very successful. More
than half of all British scientific research is now
published under open access terms: either freely
available from the moment of publication, or paywalled for a year or more so
that the publishers can make a profit before being placed on general release.
Yet the new system has not worked out any cheaper for the
universities. Publishers have responded to the demand that they make their
product free to readers by charging their writers fees to cover the costs of
preparing an article. These range from around ￡500 to $5,000. A report last
year pointed out that the costs both of subscriptions and of these “article
preparation costs" had been steadily rising at a rate above inflation. In
some ways the scientific publishing model resembles the economy of the social
internet: labour is provided free in exchange for the hope of status, while
huge profits are made by a few big firms who run the market places. In both
cases, we need a rebalancing of power.
26. Scientific publishing is seen as “a licence to print
money” partly because
[A] its funding has enjoyed a steady increase.
[B] its marketing strategy has been successful.
[C] its payment for peer review is reduced.
[D] its content acquisition costs nothing.
27. According to Paragraphs 2 and 3, scientific
publishers Elsevier have
[A] thrived mainly on university libraries.
[B] gone through an existential crisis.
[C] revived the publishing industry.
[D] financed researchers generously.
28. How does the author feel about the success of
Sci-Hub?
[A] Relieved.
[B] Puzzled.
[C] Concerned.
[D] Encouraged.
29. It can be learned from Paragraphs 5 and 6 that open
access terms .
[A] allow publishers some room to make money.
[B] render publishing much easier for scientists.
[C] reduce the cost of publication substantially
[D] free universities from financial burdens.
30. Which of the following characteristics the scientific
publishing model?
[A] Trial subscription is offered.
[B] Labour triumphs over status.
[C] Costs are well controlled. [D]The few feed on the
many.
Text
3
Progressives often support diversity mandates as a path
to equality and a way to level the playing field. But all too often such
policies are an insincere form of virtue-signaling that benefits only the most
privileged and does little to help average people.
A pair of bills sponsored by Massachusetts state Senator
Jason Lewis and House Speaker Pro Tempore Patricia Haddad, to ensure “gender
parity” on boards and commissions, provide a case in
point.
Haddad and Lewis are concerned that more than half the
state-government boards are less than 40 percent female. In order to ensure
that elite women have more such opportunities, they have proposed imposing
government quotas. If the bills become law, state boards and commissions will
be required to set aside 50 percent of board seats for women by 2022.
The bills are similar to a measure recently adopted in
California, which last year became the first state to require gender quotas for
private companies. In signing the measure, California Governor Jerry Brown
admitted that the law, which expressly classifies people on the basis of sex,
is probably unconstitutional.
The US Supreme Court frowns on sex-based classifications
unless they are designed to address an “important” policy interest, Because the
California law applies to all boards, even where there is no history of prior
discrimination, courts are likely to rule that the law violates the
constitutional guarantee of “equal protection”.
But are such government mandates even necessary? Female
participation on corporate boards may not currently mirror the percentage of
women in the general population, but so what?
The number of women on corporate boards has been steadily
increasing without government interference. According to a study by Catalyst,
between 2010 and 2015 the share of women on the boards of global corporations
increased by 54 percent.
Requiring companies to make gender the primary
qualification for board membership will inevitably lead to less experienced
private sector boards. That is exactly what happened when Norway adopted a
nationwide corporate gender quota.
Writing in The New Republic, Alice Lee notes that
increasing the number of opportunities for board membership without increasing
the pool of qualified women to serve on such boards has led to a “golden skirt”
phenomenon. where the same elite women scoop up multiple seats on a variety of
boards.
Next time somebody pushes corporate quotas as a way to
promote gender equity, remember that such policies are largely self-serving
measures that make their sponsors feel good but do little to help average
women.
31. The author believes hat the bills sponsored by Lewis
and Haddad will
[A] help lite to reduce gender bias.
[B] pose a threat to the state government.
[C] raise women’s position in politics.
[D] greatly broaden career options.
32. Which of the following is true of the California
measure?
[A] It has irritated private business owners.
[B] It is welcomed by the Supreme Court. [C]It may go
against the Constitution.
[D] It will settle the prior controversies.
33. The author mentions the study by Catalyst to
illustrate
[A] the harm from arbitrary board decision.
[B] the importance of constitutional guarantees.
[C] the pressure on women in global corporations.
[D] the needlessness of government interventions.
34. Norway’s adoption of a nationwide corporate gender
quota has led to
[A] the underestimation of elite women’s role.
[B] the objection to female participation on bards.
[C] the entry of unqualified candidates into the board.
[D] the growing tension between Labor and management.
35. Which of the following can be inferred from the text?
IAI Women’s need in employment should be considered
[B] Feasibility should be a prime concern in
policymaking.
[C] Everyone should try hard to promote social justice.
[D] Major social issues should be the focus of
legislation.
Text
4
Last Thursday, the French Senate passed a digital
services tax, which would impose an entirely new tax on large multinationals
that provide digital services to consumers or users in France. Digital services
include everything from providing a platform for selling goods and services
online to targeting advertising based on user data. and the tax applies to
gross revenue from such services. Many French politicians and media outlets
have referred to this as a“GAFA tax," meaning that it is designed to apply
primarily to companies such as Google, Apple, Facebook and Amazon — in other
words, multinational tech companies based in the United States.
The digital services tax now awaits the signature of
President Emmanuel Macron, who has expressed support for the measure, and it
could go into effect within the next few weeks. But it has already sparked
significant controversy, with the Unite States trade representative opening an
investigation into whether the tax discriminates against American companies,
which in turn could lead to trade sanctions against France.
The French tax is not just a unilateral move by one
country in need of revenue. Instead, the digital services tax is part of a much
larger trend, with countries over the past few years proposing or putting in
place an alphabet soup of new international tax provisions. These have included
Britain's DPT (diverted profits tax), Australia's MAAL (multinational
antiavoidance law), and India's SEP (significant economic presence) test, to.
name but a few. At the same time, the European Union, Spain, Britain and
several other countries have all seriously contemplated digital services taxes.
These unilateral developments differ in their specifics,
but they are all designed to tax multinationals on income and revenue that
countries believe they should have a right to tax, even if international tax
rules do not grant them that right. In other words, they all share a view that
the international tax system has failed to keep up with the current economy.
In response to these many unilateral measures, the
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) is currently
working with 131 countries to reach a consensus by the end of 2020 on an
international solution. Both France and the United States are involved in the
organization's work, but France's digital services tax and the American
response raise questions about what the future holds for the international tax
system.
France's planned tax is a clear waning: Unless a broad
consensus can be reached on reforming the international tax system. other
nations are likely to follow suit, and American companies will face a cascade
of different taxes from dozens of nations that will prove
burdensome and costly.
36. The French Senate has passed a bill to
[A] regulate digital services platforms.
[B] protect French companies' interests.
[C] impose a levy on tech multinationals.
[D] curb the influence of advertising.
37. It can be learned from Paragraph 2 that the digital
services tax
[A] may trigger countermeasures against France.
[B] is apt to arouse criticism at home and abroad.
[C] aims to ease international trade tensions.
[D] will prompt the tech giants to quit France.
38. The countries adopting the unilateral measures share
the opinion that
[A] redistribution of tech giants' revenue must be
ensured.
[B] the current international tax system needs upgrading
[C] tech multinationals' monopoly should be prevented.
[D] all countries ought to enjoy equal taxing rights.
39. It can be learned from Paragraph 5 that the OECO's
current work
[A] is being resisted by US companies.
[B] needs to be readjusted immediately.
[C] is faced with uncertain prospects.
[D] needs to involve more countries.
40. Which of the following might be the best title for
this text?
[A] France Is Confronted with Trade Sanctions
[B] France leads the charge on Digital Tax [C]France Says
"NO" to Tech Multinationals
[D] France Demands a Role in the Digital Economy
Part B Directions:
Read the following text and answer the questions by
choosing the most suitable subheading from the A-G for each of the numbered
paragraph (41-45). There are two extra subheadings. Mark your answers on the
ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
[A] Eye fixations are brief
[B] Too much eye contact is instinctively felt to rude
[C] Eye contact can be a friendly social signal
[D] Personality can affect how a person reacts to eye
contact
[E] Biological factors behind eye contact are being
investigated
[F] Most people are not comfortable holding eye contact
with strangers
[G] Eye contact can also be aggressive.
In a social situation, eye contact with another person
can show that you are paying attention in a friendly way. But it can also be
antagonistic such as when a political candidate turns toward their competitor
during a debate and makes eye contact that signals hostility. Here’s what hard
science reveals about eye contact:
41.
We know that a typical infant will instinctively gaze
into its mother’s eyes, and she will look back. This mutual gaze is a major
part of the attachment between mother and child. In adulthood, looking someone
else in a pleasant way can be a complimentary sign of paying attention. It can
catch someone’s attention in a crowded room, “Eye contact and smile” can signal
availability and confidence, a common-sense notion supported in studies by
psychologist Monica Moore.
42.
Neuroscientist Bonnie Augeung found that the hormone
oxytocin increased the amount of eye contact from men toward the interviewer
during a brief interview when the direction of their gaze was recorded. This
was also found in high-functioning men with some autistic spectrum symptoms,
who may tend to avoid eye contact. Specific brain regions that respond during
direct gaze are being explored by other researches, using advanced methods of
brain scanning.
43.
With the use of eye-tracking technology, Julia Minson of
the Harvard Kennedy School of Government concluded that eye contact can signal
very different kinds of messages, depending on the situation. While eye contact
may be a sign of connection or trust in friendly situations, it’s more likely
to be associated with dominance or intimidation in adversarial situations.
“Whether you're a politician or a parent, it might be helpful to keep in mind
that trying to maintain eye contact may backfire if you're trying to convince
someone who has a different set of beliefs than you,” said Minson.
44.
When we look at a face or a picture, our eyes pause on
one spot at a time, often on the eyes or mouth. These pauses typically occur at
about three per second, and the eyes then jump to another spot, until several
important points in the image are registered like a series of snapshots. How
the whole image is then assembled and perceived is still a mystery although it
is the subject of current research.
45.
In people who score high in a test of neuroticism, a
personality dimension associated with self-consciousness and anxiety, eye
contact triggered more activity associated with avoidance, according to the
Finnish researcher Jari Hietanen and colleagues. “Our findings indicate that
people do not only feel different when they are the centre of attention but that
their brain reactions also differ.” A more direct finding is that people who
scored high for negative emotions like anxiety looked at others for shorter
periods of time and reported more comfortable feelings when others did not look
directly at them.
Part
C Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the
underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on
the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
Following the explosion of creativity in Florence during
the 14th century known as the Renaissance, the modern world saw a departure
from what it had once known. It turned from God
and the authority of the Roman Catholic Church and
instead favoured a more humanistic approach to being. Renaissance ideas had
spread throughout Europe well into the 17th century, with the arts and sciences
flourishing extraordinarily among those with a more logical disposition.
(46)With the Church’s teachings and ways of thinking eclipsed by the
Renaissance, the gap between the Medieval and modem periods had been bridged
leading to new and unexplored intellectual territories.
During the Renaissance, the great minds of Nicolaus
Copernicus, Johannes Kepler and Galileo Galilei demonstrated the power of
scientific study and discovery. (47)Before each of their revelations, many
thinkers at the time had sustained more ancient ways of thinking, including the
geo-centric view that the Earth was at the centre of our universe. Copernicus
theorized in 1543 that all of the planets that we knew of revolved not around
the Earth, but the Sun, a system that was later upheld by Galileo at his own
expense. Offering up such a theory during a time of high tension between
scientific and religious minds was branded as heresy, and any such heretics
that continued to spread these lies were to be punished by imprisonment or even
death.
(48)Despite attempts by the Church to suppress this new
generation of logicians and rationalists, more explanations for how the
universe functioned were being made at a rate that the people could no longer
ignore. It was with these great revelations that a new kind of philosophy
founded in reason was born.
The Church’s long standing dogma was losing the great
battle for truth to rationalists and scientists. This very fact embodied the new
ways of thinking that swept through Europe during most of 17th century. (49)As
many took on the duty of trying to integrate reasoning and scientific
philosophies into the world, the Renaissance was over and it was time for a new
era—the Age of Reason.
The 17th and 18th centuries were times of radical change
and curiosity. Scientific method, reductionism and the questioning of Church
ideals was to be encouraged, as were ideas of liberty, tolerance and progress.
(50) Such actions to seek knowledge and to understand what information we
already knew were captured by the Latin phrase ‘sapere aude’ or ‘dare to know’,
after Immanuel Kant used it in his essay “An Answer to the Question: What is
Enlightenment?”. It was the purpose and responsibility of great minds to go
forth and seek out the truth, which they believed to be founded in knowledge.
Section III Writing
Part
A
51. Directions:
The student union of your university has assigned you to
inform the international students about an upcoming singing contest. Write a
notice in about 100 words.
Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.
Do not use your own name in the notice. (10 points)
Part
B
52. Directions:
Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the pictures
below. In your essay, you should
1) describe the picture briefly,
2) interpret the implied meaning, and
3) give your comments.
Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)
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